Thursday, September 17, 2009

WHEN HUMANS BECOME GRASS:

WHEN HUMANS BECOME GRASS:
BAVUUDORJ’S MAGICAL, MYSTICAL POETICS
AND THE MONGOLIAN LITERARY TRADITION


The poetry of Tsogdorjiin Bavuudorj occupies a ambiguous position in contemporary Mongolian literature, a position which at once looks backwards into history and outwards into the universe of myriad forms. In some ways, then, his poetic worldview can be seen as an analog for Mongolian culture in the twenty-first century, seeking to acknowledge a nomadic culture and a spirituality which has largely been superceded by a process of western acculturation, while also coming to terms with what it might mean for a poet, an individual, to be part of this society.
Bavuudorj was born in 1969, and came to prominence as a poet at the end of the 1980s, and during the early 1990s, during which time Mongolia was in a position of transformation, opening up to the wider economic and cultural world following the disintegration of the Soviet Union. At this time, the generation immediately preceding his – of the trio O Dashbalbar, G Mend-Ooyo and D Nyamsüren, and of other poets such as Z Tümenjargal and the American educated L Myagmarsüren – was beoming increasingly influential, and these were writers, in the face of Tsedenbal’s hardline political censorship during the 1970s, had turned their concern primarily to expressing love and landscape and the life of people on the land.
But, political pressure notwithstanding, we can also see a clear lineage being drawn in the postwar period, starting with B Yavuuhulan and M Tsedendorj, both of whose poetry exhibits an especial sensitivity towards the relationship between the land and those who live in communion with it. One of Yavuuhulan’s best-loved poems, “Where Was I Born?,” expresses this relationship in a way which is reminiscent of the Mongols’ ancient shamanist literature, but which can also perhaps be read as the poet’s call to his people, that they might acknowledge their deep connection with the elemental world.

I took my birth in the gentle scent of flowers,
in the leaves covered by night in dawn’s dew,
in the moisture on apples, and in starlit petals.
And, in those white blooms, blessed with eternity,
I took my birth in the gentle scent of flowers.


This is but one of eleven verses in the poem, but it indicates the way in which Yavuuhulan, whose work and teaching exercised a pofound influence over poets such as Dashbalbar, Mend-Ooyo and Nyamsüren, was thinking about his own position in the world.
These three poets, too, were each clearly a great influence upon Bavuudorj’s poetical thinking. Indeed, there is a picture, taken in the 1990s, of Bavuudorj and Nyamsüren, their arms around each other, leaning into one another, standing, grave-faced, before the snow.covered mountain of Otgontenger. This photograph of these two poets expresses the personal friendship which existed between them, but it also bespeaks a far wider connection between poetry and the shamanic Buddhist spiritual tradition, in whose revival the literary community has played such a central role throughout Mongolia over the last two decades.
We can see in Yavuuhulan’s poetry the idea of this interdependence of the land and human beings, and it is arguable that this is perhaps the most important theme in Bavuudorj’s work. It is no coincidence, after all, that he has been associated throughout his career with the trio of poets mentioned above.
One unusual image which Bavuudorj frequently employs is that of humans changing into grass, and we see this in many of the poems collected in the present volume. One name for poets such as Dashbalbar and Nyamsüren is “grass poets,” indicating their close relationship to the land: Dashbalbar, of course, famously made a name for himself during the 1990s as a politician and campaigner against the reform of legislation regarding private ownership of the land and, as we shall soon see, his work was also full of references to the land in general, and to grass in particular. The influence of such poets on Bavuudorj cannot be overemphasized, but as we shall see it is an influence focussed through the prism of his rather surreal and unusual vision.

Dashbalbar wrote a series of poems about grass, which were subsequently published in his book Gol Us Namuuhan Ursana (1986, translated by Simon Wickham-Smith and published by the Dashbalbar Foundation in 2006 as The River Flows Gently). He treats the grass as a revered ancestor, but also regards it as both a lover and a friend:

Oh, grasses, my parents and my brothers and children at a single
time….
Oh, grasses, my dear body and my pure desire and my loving
companions….
Sighing gently, I stroke the grasses.
My grasses, I take in your scent as an infant’s soft curly hair.
My grasses, I stroke you as old men stroke their white beards.
My grasses, I kiss you as I kiss my passionate lover’s hair, black as
spades.
Oh, grasses, my coursing blood, my pigtails….
Oh, my ancestors in times rubbed and wasted away,
oh, they blow in the wind, dissolve into grasses.
Oh, my ancestors become the grasses, swaying, swaying in the cold
rain of autumn.

Dashbalbar was constantly writing about the grass, it was as though the very touchstone of his relationship with the natural world. But the understanding of how grass holds the spirit and the physical remains of ancestors is a powerful way of honoring simultaneously the land and the ancestors, and it is this understanding which Bavuudorj has also come to express in his work.
What is especially interesting, in my opinion, about Bavuudorj’s perception of the grasses is that, whereas Dashbalbar describes the grass in relation to himself, Bavuudorj goes one step further, and explicitly gives the grass a life of its own, as we read in “Desire:”

The women are changed
into flaxen grasses.
Out comes the moon, and
sweet memories awaken in them.
Their fragrant red lips
still bear dew,
cast unrestrained
at the golden sun’s kiss.
So it was when they were human.
But the lovely girls
have not altered their desires,
they honor them.
But when I offer
brush and paper to heaven,
I desire the dark winds
to cause the grasses and the girls to fade.

This poem would seem to be a summation of Bavuudorj’s experience of the grass in particular and the natural world in general. Women become grasses and are transfigured by the moon, revealing their human origins and revealing too that their human desires remain, despite their transformation.
So deep an understanding of the (apparently) secret life of nature is not, of course, unusual in poetry. What is unusual in Bavuudorj’s poetry, and especially in relation to his contemporaries, is the intimacy which he creates. In Bavuudorj’s case, this intimacy, I believe, comes as much from what we might loosely call the spiritual as from the Mongolian poetic tradition. There is an animistic aspect to Bavuudorj’s work which recalls the shamanic tradition which is so intrinsic to Mongolian culture, and in which his mentors Dashbalbar, Nyamsüren and Mend-Ooyo were equally steeped.
The interaction of shamanic and Buddhist cultures is so integral a part of the Mongolian experience, and of Bavuudorj’s experience, that we cannot read his work without at every point acknowledging this influence. But Bavuudorj has an unusual and highly personal expression, through which he conveys both his own understanding of the world and the world’s understanding of itself.
That the world grows over time to understand itself through contemplation sits at the center of Buddhist practise and at the center of Bavuudorj’s poetry. The situations which he describes – a monk shrinking his body through meditation, an elephant moving through the universe, human beings transforming into blades of grass – inhabit a world of dream and vision, a world in which the collapse and twist of time and distance transmutes the mystical and the concrete, revealing the universe as a place of physical and spiritual activity. In presenting his experience and that of the universe in such a way, Bavuudorj is adding to the Mongolian tradition an aspect both personal and surreal, an aspect which bespeaks an original vision and an original voice, and it is this vision, this voice, which has made Bavuudorj one of the most important and influential figures in contemporary Mongolian literature.


Simon Wickham-Smith
London
August 2008

A SUDDEN CHANGE OF HEART

The horse’s head on the ovoo turns white,
turns really white,
like nothing’s happened in the world….
Like finding peace,
like the stillness of stallions,
the horse’s head turns white.
This divine creature
threw back his head.
This dumb creature
forgot to neigh.
Mark his golden skull with the words:“Gone away.”
Oh…
A spring haze hangs like washing.
He’s jogging, whinnying, his mind’s gone this way,
his raging pounding pounding
heart’s gone that way.
The world’s left him
empty.
Just like it’s left me,
left me….
Just as my golden conscience,
which inscribed this destiny of mine,
goes this way.
Just as my tender heart,
which pursued that gentle love of mine,
has left me behind, so
the one I loved goes that way,
scattering my songs and my tears.
The tips of the grasses,
brown swaying on my homeland steppe,
whistle their agitation,
that the one who’s passed is forgotten,
poor thing….
The horse’s head upon the ovoo, and
the moon turns white over the lonely hills.

SPIRIT OF SADNESS

There is a spirit
in the sky above.
He has found pleasure
in the shining nakedness of people.
He has found pleasure
in the full moon’s striation.
He has found pleasure
in the grasses’ changing colors.
He has found pleasure
in the fortune of the generations.
He has found pleasure
in the rising again of the sun.
He has found pleasure
in the volcano amid the peaceful blue.
And oh there is a great spirit of sadness.
He is irritated
by the oceans’ calm.
He is irritated
by the flowers’ sedate poise and slow growth.
He is irritated
by the unblinking eyes of a thousand Buddhas.
He is irritated
by the steppe’s gloom and by the barren wolf.
He is irritated when the golden stars take time to glimmer.
He is irritated when eyes fail to tear.
And oh,
he is irritated when the earth turns and turns.
In the deep blue overhead
there is a spirit
like the one at my core.

Bella que dormita

Bella que dormita

Tocar el cuello argentado
de la bella que dormita
fue mi eterno deseo,
y mis propios versos de plata
como una vela iluminaron el camino.
Mi propia amada, por sí misma,
modeló la portentosa luna vespertina
y, conmovido por el instante,
le ofrecí al Buda un cirio jubiloso,
una antigua plegaria,
mientras llenaba el silencio los espacios
entre las alegres hojas.
Sin embargo, otros deseos
aún angustian al osado vagabundo…
Toco el cuello argentado
de la bella que dormita,
mas mi eterno deseo queda insatisfecho.
Toco sus labios…

Un ojo en la palma de mi mano:

Un ojo en la palma de mi mano:
la poesía visionaria de Tsogdorjin Bavuudorj

Conjugar reto con placer a la hora de verter al español un texto poético (en este caso, una selección de poemas del libro When humans become grass, previamente traducido del mongol al inglés por Simon Wickham-Smith) me ha parecido siempre una proeza. Por ello, cuando su autor, Tsogdorjin Bavuudorj, uno de los más destacados övs- nairagch (“poetas de la hierba”) en el ámbito literario de su Mongolia natal, me propuso meses atrás esta tarea, confieso que hube de titubear unos instantes antes de rendirme a la tentación de asumirla.
Sucede que el verdadero traductor de bellas letras, el de alma y oficio, no concibe una cosa sin la otra: desafío va apareado a deleite, y no hay escapatoria posible. En este caso, no me consideraba suficientemente preparada para incursionar en la nueva tendencia de la literatura mongola. Había conocido brevemente a Bavuudorj en ocasión del XXVIII Congreso Mundial de Poetas, celebrado en Acapulco, México, del 12 al 16 de octubre de 2008. Tenía una somera idea de los temas habituales en esta renovada poesía que sirve de enlace entre el ayer y el hoy: respeto por los antepasados, una íntima identificación con el mundo natural y sus ciclos, así como una profunda espiritualidad matizada tanto por el budismo como por el animismo chamánico prebudista. Sin embargo, pudo más la seducción que la incertidumbre. Me dispuse, pues, a correr el riesgo y acepté la misión.


Allí, en el reino onírico del poeta, se entremezclan imágenes y colores recurrentes, mas no por ello repetitivos: así nos habla una y otra vez de la hierba, de la luna y el cielo, de nómadas silenciosos, de monjes que vuelan y de animales que se comunican de manera intuitiva con los humanos, con palabras rodeadas de un aura surrealista e impregnadas de un hálito sutil de misticismo.
En las próximas páginas podrá el lector juzgar los resultados de mi intrépida aventura. Son solo treinta intentos de mostrar la visión mágica de un artífice de la poesía que corre por sus venas con la fuerza de un río misterioso. No puedo quejarme: la experiencia ha sido, cuando menos, fascinante.
Un ojo en la palma de mi mano es un viaje irrepetible a través del espíritu de la estepa. ¡Que lo disfrute!

Ivonne Martin / Miami USA / 2009

Cuando la hierba de primavera se matiza de azul

Cuando la hierba de primavera se matiza de azul,
vuelan hacia ti los sensibles poemas del ruiseñor.
Eres la estepa de la tierra natal, los rayos del alba;
eres el viento familiar, las nubes argentadas;
eres la tierna luna, el rocío sobre las flores;
eres simplemente, simplemente el radiante cielo.
Éste es el rumbo del último vuelo de mi corazón,
vibrando hacia la eternidad.
Éste es el rumbo de mi último pétalo, azotado por el granizo.
Vuelan hacia ti los trémulos poemas del ruiseñor
cuando la hierba de primavera se matiza de azul.

Mientras yo observaba

Mientras yo observaba,
un hombre de extraño brillo
surgió de donde te encontrabas,
mas adónde se marchó, no sé,
y sentí en lo profundo
que jamás volvería.
Mientras yo observaba,
un extraño Buda de luz
se elevó de tu cuerpo,
mas dónde había estado, no sé,
y este hombre de amor
de repente sintió afecto por ti.
Mientras yo observaba,
un extraño pez de cristal
cayó de tus ojos,
arrojó luz sobre ti, que tanto te conozco,
y entonces de súbito advertí
que era éste un mantra.



Mientras yo observaba,
una extraña filigrana de oro
cayó de tus manos,
y el espíritu de la tierra,
de un salto adelante, la desapareció.
Mas mientras tú observabas…

Un enorme elefante blanco

Un enorme elefante blanco
ha pasado por el mundo.
Se ha marchado con la calma
del majestuoso mar.
Se ha marchado, desarraigando
la serenidad de la tierra.
Se ha marchado, sacudiendo
el rocío de las hojas más altas.
Ha vuelto, perturbando a los dioses solares.
Se ha marchado, apoderándose
de templos dorados, resplandecientes de sangre.
Se ha marchado, despertando
grises picos cubiertos de nieve.
Se ha marchado, cerrando los ojos del poderoso.
Ha vuelto, estremeciendo Oriente y Occidente.
Un enorme elefante blanco
ha pasado por el mundo.Un enorme elefante blanco…

Ojos dorados

Ojos dorados

Abriría los ojos de la luna como un escultor de estatuas de Buda,
mas si ésta no nos viera, ¿cómo podríamos ser dichosos?
Abriría los ojos del universo como un artista,
mas si éste no quisiera vernos, ¿cómo podríamos ser felices?
Fui puro devoto de la tierra de la nieve fresca,
tomé una vela en busca de la luz interior.
Esta vida de mentiras voló al infinito del sentimiento,
podando las pimpinelas de mi deseo.
Fui escultor de estatuas de Buda, abrí los ojos de la hierba;
ya había llegado, variando el color de las ondulantes hojas,
calmando los remolinos de niebla del pasado otoño.
Mas en mi frente

『人間が草になる時』より From When Humans Become Grass

T.S. バヴウドルジ  T.S.Bavuudorj  
『人間が草になる時』より
From When Humans Become Grass

 安らかな空
 A Peaceful Emptiness

私が読む本
安らかな空
私の喧嘩友達
安らかな空

私が奏でる音楽
安らかな空
私の危険なる敵
安らかな空

私が唱えている祈り
安らかな空
私が受ける被害
安らかな空・・・


The Image

山の南の斜面に
私の教師 仏陀の像
白い石造り
川の流れの澄んだ川面に
優しく微笑む
でも 不思議なこと
仏陀の唇の間から
きれいな少女が飛び出し続ける
始まる 愛の音

 月光の中で
 In the Moonlight

私は座している 悲しく 
月の光のなか
石化した白檀の木を跨いで
私は 香りの欠如に打ちひしがれた
最後の猿ではない
人間が草になる この地上で
木が石と化すのは子供の遊びだ
今 穏やかに私は見上げる
既に 貴重な月は太陽に道を譲った